What is a black hole? Why is the sun yellow? How does a star become a white dwarf? From the gigantic James Webb space telescope to the discovery of black holes billions of times bigger than our Sun, astronomy is a science of superlatives, comprised of challenges for human comprehension. In this book, the readers will explore astronomy's great stories and discoveries, recast as challenges (technical, technological, expeditionary, geopolitical) triumphantly overcome, ending on a survey of challenges that await us the astronomy of tomorrow.